Adaptar las actividades
Hace 6 años
martes, 14 de octubre de 2014
Neuralizer de Man in Black
http://www.appy-geek.com/Web/ArticleWeb.aspx?regionid=7&articleid=30254598
lunes, 6 de octubre de 2014
x que limitar dispositivos digitales a menores de 12
La Academia Americana de Pediatría y la Sociedad Canadiense de
Pediatría han declarado que los niños de 0 a 2 años de edad no deberían
tener ningún tipo de exposición a la tecnología.
En el caso de niños de 3 a 5 años su uso debería restringirse a sólo
una hora diaria, y en los niños de 6 a 18 años debería limitarse a 2
horas por día (AAP 2001/13, CPS 2010). Los niños y jóvenes usan
tecnología de 4 a 5 veces más que la cantidad recomendada, con
consecuencias graves que a menudo pueden llegar a poner en peligro sus
vidas (Fundación Kaiser 2010, Niños Saludables y Activos de Canadá
2012). Los dispositivos portátiles (como los teléfonos celulares, los
tablets, y los videojuegos) han aumentado dramáticamente el acceso y el
uso de la tecnología, especialmente en los niños de muy temprana edad
(Common Sense Media, 2013). Como terapeuta ocupacional pediátrica, les
pido a los padres, a los maestros y a los gobiernos que prohiban el uso
de todos los dispositivos portátiles a niños menores de 12 años.
A continuación, encontrarán 10 razones, basadas en investigaciones, para fundamentar esta prohibición.
1. El rápido crecimiento del cerebro
Entre los 0 y 2 años, el cerebro de los niños triplica su tamaño, ycontinúa desarrollándose rápidamente hasta los 21 años de edad
(Christakis 2011). El desarrollo temprano del cerebro está determinado
por los estímulos ambientales, o por la falta de ellos. Estimular a un
cerebro en desarrollo a través de la sobreexposición a la tecnología
(teléfonos celulares, internet, iPads, TV), ha demostrado tener una
relación con la función ejecutiva y el déficit atencional, retrasos
cognitivos, problemas de aprendizaje, aumento de la impulsividad y la
disminución de la capacidad autorregulatoria, por ejemplo, las rabietas
(Small 2008, Pagini 2010).
2. Retraso del desarrollo
El uso de la tecnología restringe el movimiento, lo que puederesultar en un retraso en el desarrollo. Hoy en día, uno de cada tres
niños comienza la escuela con algún tipo de retraso en su desarrollo,
lo que impacta de forma negativa la alfabetización y el rendimiento
académico. El movimiento mejora la atención y la capacidad de
aprendizaje (Ratey 2008). El uso de la tecnología en niños menores de 12
años es perjudicial para el desarrollo infantil y el aprendizaje (Rowan
2010).
3. Epidemia de Obesidad
El uso de la televisión y los videojuegos está relacionado con elaumento de la obesidad (Tremblay 2005). Los niños que tienen permitido
tener un dispositivo en sus dormitorios tienen un 30% más de riesgo de
ser obesos (Feng 2011). Uno de cada cuatro canadienses, y uno de cada
tres niños estadounidenses son obesos (Tremblay 2011). El 30% de los
niños con obesidad desarrollan diabetes, y las personas obesas tienen un
mayor riesgo de sufrir un accidente cerebrovascular y un ataque
cardíaco, lo que acorta gravemente la esperanza de vida (Centro para el
Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades 2010). Principalmente debido a
la obesidad, los niños del siglo 21 podrían ser la primera generación
que no sobreviva a sus padres (profesor Andrew Prentice, BBC News 2002).
4. Déficit de sueño
El 60% de los padres no supervisa el uso de la tecnología de sushijos, y al 75% de los niños se les permite tener algún tipo de
tecnología en sus habitaciones (Fundación Kaiser 2010). El 75% de los
niños entre 9 y 10 años sufre de privación del sueño y como
consecuencia, sus calificaciones se ven negativamente afectadas (Boston
College 2012).
5. Enfermedades mentales
El uso excesivo de tecnología es un factor determinante en el aumentode las tasas de depresión infantil, ansiedad, trastorno de vinculación,
déficit atencional, autismo, trastorno bipolar, psicosis y el
comportamiento problemático (Universidad de Bristol de 2010, Mentzoni
2011, Shin 2011, Liberatore 2011, Robinson 2008). Uno de cada seis niños
canadienses sufre de una enfermedad mental diagnosticada, muchas de los
cuales requieren de una medicación psicotrópica peligrosa (Waddell
2007).
6. Agresión
El contenido violento de los medios puede provocar agresión infantil(Anderson, 2007). Los niños pequeños están cada vez más expuestos a la
creciente violencia física y sexual que está presente en los medios de
comunicación de hoy en día. El videojuego “Grand Theft Auto V” retrata
explícitamente temas sexuales, asesinato, violación, tortura y
mutilación, al igual que muchas otras películas y programas de
televisión. Los EE.UU. ha categorizado la violencia en los medios como
un riesgo de salud pública, debido al impacto causal en la agresión
infantil (Huesmann 2007). Informes de los medios muestran un aumento del
uso de restricciones y habitaciones de aislamiento para los niños que
exhiben una agresión descontrolada.
7. Demencia digital
La alta velocidad de los contenidos en los medios puede contribuir aldéficit atencional, así como a la disminución de la concentración y la
memoria, debido a que se genera una poda cerebral de las huellas
neuronales en la corteza frontal (Christakis 2004, Small 2008). Los
niños que no pueden poner atención, no pueden aprender.
8. Adicciones
Al mismo tiempo que los padres se apegan más y más a la tecnología,ellos se desconectan más y más de sus hijos. Ante la ausencia de apego a
los padres, los niños que se sienten desconectados pueden acercarse a
los dispositivos, lo que puede resultar en adicción (Rowan 2010). Uno de
cada 11 niños entre 8 y 18 años son adictos a la tecnología (Gentile
2009).
9. Emisión de radiación
En mayo de 2011, la Organización Mundial de la Salud clasificó a losteléfonos celulares (y otros dispositivos inalámbricos) como un riesgo
de clase 2B (posible cancerígeno), debido a la emisión de radiación (OMS
2011). James McNamee junto con Salud de Canadá en octubre de 2011,
emitió una advertencia, diciendo que “Los niños son más sensibles a una
variedad de agentes, en comparación con los adultos, ya que sus cerebros
y sistemas inmunológicos aún están en desarrollo, por lo que no se
podría asegurar si el riesgo sería igual para un pequeño adulto como
para un niño”. (Globe and Mail 2011). En diciembre de 2013 el Dr.
Anthony Miller de la Universidad de la Escuela de Salud Pública de
Toronto recomendó, basándose en una nueva investigación, que la
exposición a las radiofrecuencias debería ser clasificado como 2A
(probable cancerígeno), y no como 2B (posible cancerígeno). La Academia
Americana de Pediatría solicitó la revisión de las emisiones de
radiación de los campos electromagnéticos que producen los dispositivos
tecnológicos, citando tres razones relacionadas a la repercusión que
tienen sobre los niños (AAP 2013).
10. Insostenible
Las formas en que los niños son criados y educados con tecnologíadejaron de ser sostenibles (Rowan 2010). Los niños son nuestro futuro,
pero no existe un futuro para los niños que abusan de la tecnología. Un
enfoque en equipo es urgente y necesario, para así poder reducir el uso
de la tecnología en los niños.
Original
sábado, 4 de octubre de 2014
Dell Introduces First Computer Made With Plastics from Recycled Electronics
Dell has announced
that later this month they will begin selling their first computer (the
OptiPlex 3030 all-in-one) made with plastic recycled from old
electronics. With this announcement, Dell is launching its pilot for a closed-loop recycling
of plastics – turning plastic from old electronic products into new
ones rather than dumping them into the usual e-waste cycle. Dell told
ETBC that the move is, in part, in response to increasing requests from
purchasers for closed-loop recycling.
Closed-loop recycled plastics have been used in ink and toner cartridges for printers, but this is the first time that we are aware of plastics from recycled electronic products going into a large part of the product itself. Manufacturers have also used recycled plastics in enclosures before, but they came from recycled water bottles or CD cases, not from used electronics. While this may not seem like an important distinction, we think it represents a very significant step towards a more sustainable product lifecycle, and an important milestone for the concept of Producer Responsibility.
Why closed-loop recycling matters
Typically, plastic enclosures from old computers and TVs (which are fairly large pieces of plastic compared to other electronic products) do get recycled. Recyclers send most of these plastics to China where they are “down-cycled” into a lower-grade plastic, used in products like outdoor furniture, or decking material. With a closed-loop system, the plastics from electronics are recycled into new electronics or other products where the plastics are of the same quality. This offsets the use of some amount of virgin content in manufacturing the new electronics. Currently the parts of the OptiPlex made with closed-loop plastic (the back panel and stand) contains 35% recycled ABS plastic, and 65% virgin ABS. Those parts represent only 12% of the plastics (by weight) used in the product but it is an encouraging start. Dell says they hope to increase both the number of parts where they can use the recycled plastic as well as the percent of recycled plastic compared to virgin plastic. They also plan to add the recycled plastics to other desktops and monitors later this year.
Pilot is a logical outgrowth of Producer Responsibility
Several years ago, Dell accepted and embraced the concept of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), which says that the manufacturers should be responsible for the full lifecycle of their products, including the “end-o-life” phase, when consumers want to dispose of them. As a result, Dell has developed a fairly robust program throughout the U.S. to take back and recycle its old products, as well as those of other manufacturers. Because Dell manages its own recycling vendors (and doesn’t use a network of recyclers managed by others) they retain control over what happens to the materials – including the plastics – from these products. For this initial pilot, Dell will focus on plastics coming back from its takeback programs in seven states. The plastics will be recycled by Wistron Green Tech, a Texas-based subsidiary of a Wistron Corporation, a Taiwanese original design manufacturer (ODM). Dell’s goal is to use 50 million pounds of closed-loop recycled plastic by 2020. They will focus on two types of plastics: ABS and PC-ABS. The plastics will be recovered both in the U.S. and in China, but even the U.S. processed plastics will be shipped to China for manufacturing into new plastic parts.
Scott O’Connell, Dells Director of Environmental Affairs, tells us he expects this closed-loop program to drive U.S. recyclers “to improve recovery rate of plastics by creating an upcycle market that did not previously exist in large scale.” He expects this drive even more plastics recycling as other manufacturers also start to use the closed-loop recycled plastics.
Circular Economy
Ultimately the goal for closed-loop recycling is to keep using the materials over and over again, maintaining the same grade and value of the material. The sustainability metric here should be to create “infinitely recyclability” where the materials can be used indefinitely, with the addition of very little virgin content. While some metals are infinitely recyclable, the plastics being recycled in this pilot – ABS and PC/ABS – don’t currently meet that goal. But this may be the first step of many towards a system where materials are selected and used with increasing recyclability in mind. If the electronics sector followed Dell’s lead and embraces the closed-loop recycling concept, perhaps we will eventually see the development of plastics that would come closer to being infinitely recyclable.
Frankly it’s rare for the electronics manufacturers to even talk about the circular economy, so we are glad to see Dell leading the way in bringing this issue forward. To all the purchasers out there who have been asking about closed-loop recycling or the circular economy in your equipment RFPs and questionnaires, your efforts are paying off, and Dell is clearly listening.
Dell Introduces First Computer Made With Plastics from Recycled Electronics
Closed-loop recycled plastics have been used in ink and toner cartridges for printers, but this is the first time that we are aware of plastics from recycled electronic products going into a large part of the product itself. Manufacturers have also used recycled plastics in enclosures before, but they came from recycled water bottles or CD cases, not from used electronics. While this may not seem like an important distinction, we think it represents a very significant step towards a more sustainable product lifecycle, and an important milestone for the concept of Producer Responsibility.
Why closed-loop recycling matters
Typically, plastic enclosures from old computers and TVs (which are fairly large pieces of plastic compared to other electronic products) do get recycled. Recyclers send most of these plastics to China where they are “down-cycled” into a lower-grade plastic, used in products like outdoor furniture, or decking material. With a closed-loop system, the plastics from electronics are recycled into new electronics or other products where the plastics are of the same quality. This offsets the use of some amount of virgin content in manufacturing the new electronics. Currently the parts of the OptiPlex made with closed-loop plastic (the back panel and stand) contains 35% recycled ABS plastic, and 65% virgin ABS. Those parts represent only 12% of the plastics (by weight) used in the product but it is an encouraging start. Dell says they hope to increase both the number of parts where they can use the recycled plastic as well as the percent of recycled plastic compared to virgin plastic. They also plan to add the recycled plastics to other desktops and monitors later this year.
Pilot is a logical outgrowth of Producer Responsibility
Several years ago, Dell accepted and embraced the concept of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), which says that the manufacturers should be responsible for the full lifecycle of their products, including the “end-o-life” phase, when consumers want to dispose of them. As a result, Dell has developed a fairly robust program throughout the U.S. to take back and recycle its old products, as well as those of other manufacturers. Because Dell manages its own recycling vendors (and doesn’t use a network of recyclers managed by others) they retain control over what happens to the materials – including the plastics – from these products. For this initial pilot, Dell will focus on plastics coming back from its takeback programs in seven states. The plastics will be recycled by Wistron Green Tech, a Texas-based subsidiary of a Wistron Corporation, a Taiwanese original design manufacturer (ODM). Dell’s goal is to use 50 million pounds of closed-loop recycled plastic by 2020. They will focus on two types of plastics: ABS and PC-ABS. The plastics will be recovered both in the U.S. and in China, but even the U.S. processed plastics will be shipped to China for manufacturing into new plastic parts.
Scott O’Connell, Dells Director of Environmental Affairs, tells us he expects this closed-loop program to drive U.S. recyclers “to improve recovery rate of plastics by creating an upcycle market that did not previously exist in large scale.” He expects this drive even more plastics recycling as other manufacturers also start to use the closed-loop recycled plastics.
Circular Economy
Ultimately the goal for closed-loop recycling is to keep using the materials over and over again, maintaining the same grade and value of the material. The sustainability metric here should be to create “infinitely recyclability” where the materials can be used indefinitely, with the addition of very little virgin content. While some metals are infinitely recyclable, the plastics being recycled in this pilot – ABS and PC/ABS – don’t currently meet that goal. But this may be the first step of many towards a system where materials are selected and used with increasing recyclability in mind. If the electronics sector followed Dell’s lead and embraces the closed-loop recycling concept, perhaps we will eventually see the development of plastics that would come closer to being infinitely recyclable.
Frankly it’s rare for the electronics manufacturers to even talk about the circular economy, so we are glad to see Dell leading the way in bringing this issue forward. To all the purchasers out there who have been asking about closed-loop recycling or the circular economy in your equipment RFPs and questionnaires, your efforts are paying off, and Dell is clearly listening.
Dell Introduces First Computer Made With Plastics from Recycled Electronics
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